![]() Currently, the potentially useful knowledge among diseases, targets, and drugs are still hidden in the text descriptions. The above-mentioned databases provide valuable resources for drug discovery. ![]() Therapeutic Target Database is a database containing information about the known and explored therapeutic proteins and nucleic acid targets, diseases, pathway information, and the corresponding drugs.15 BindingDB is a public, Web-accessible database of measured binding affinities, focusing chiefly on the interactions of proteins considered to be drug targets with small, druglike molecules.14 The disease information of the targets and drugs are not yet provided. Drug-Bank database combines detailed drug (i.e., chemical, pharmacological, and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e., sequence, structure, and pathway) information.13 In DrugBank, the therapeutic indication descriptions (for example, "Used in combination with prednisone for the treatment of metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer") of drugs are listed, which needs further manual curation for specific diseases. Online Men-delian Inheritance in Man contains information on all known mendelian disorders and >12,000 genes.12 However, there is a lack of the disease-related target and drug information. Several research groups curated different databases for storing information of diseases, targets, and drugs. "Dirty" drugs may bind to many different molecular targets or receptors in the body and so tend to have a wide range of effects and possibly negative side effects.7-11 Target proteins are always promiscuous6 with small molecular drugs. (2014) 3, e105 doi:10.1038/psp.2014.1 published online 12 March 2014ĭrug discovery and development is a highly complex, lengthy, and expensive process, which starts from understanding molecular mechanisms of diseases, proceeds through selecting therapeutic targets, and leads to discovering drug leads and optimizing drug candidates.1-4 Diseases are usually multifactorial,5 in which multiple targets are affected and have to be targeted for successful treatment outcomes. To our knowledge, VNP is the first free interactive VNP server that should be very helpful for systems pharmacology research. Visual network pharmacology (VNP) is developed to visualize network pharmacology of targets, diseases, and drugs with a graph network by using disease, target or drug names, chemical structures, or protein sequence. Network pharmacology description and analysis not only give a systems-level understanding of drug action and disease complexity but can also help to improve the efficiency of target selection and drug design. In drug discovery, promiscuous targets, multifactorial diseases, and "dirty" drugs construct complex network relationships. Q-N Hu1, Z Deng1, W Tu1, X Yang1, Z-B Meng2, Z-X Deng1 and J Liu2 VNP: Interactive Visual Network Pharmacology of Diseases, Targets, and Drugs
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